What Is Air Pollution

The term air pollution is used so commonly that you may not think definitions are necessary. But the issue is more complicated than it first appears.   Ask most people to define air pollution, and their first response is to describe  smog,  the smelly stuff that turns the air brown or gray and hovers over urban centers like Los Angeles, Mexico City, and Beijing. Even here, though, definitions vary. Some sources define smog as the presence of unnatural levels of ground-level ozone, while other sources say things like fog mixed with smoke. A more modern and precise definition is a photochemical haze caused by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmosphere polluted with hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen especially from automobile exhaust. Officially, air pollution can be defined as the presence of harmful substances in the air, either particulates or microscopic biologic molecules, that pose health hazards to living organisms, such as people, animals or plants. Air pollution comes in many  forms and may include a number of different pollutants and toxins in various combinations. Air pollution is far more than a nuisance or inconvenience. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution causes the deaths of approximately 4.2 million people annually worldwide. What Constitutes Air Pollution? The two most widespread types of air pollution are the  ozone  and particle pollution (soot), but air pollution also may include serious pollutants such as carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and toxins such as mercury, arsenic, benzene, formaldehyde, and acid gases. Most of these pollutants are man-made, but some air pollution is due to natural causes, such as ash from volcanic eruptions.   The specific composition of air pollution in a particular location depends primarily on the source or sources of pollution. Automobile exhaust, coal-fired power plants, industrial factories, and other pollution sources all spew different types of pollutants and toxins into the air. While we think of air pollution as a condition describing outside air, the air quality within your home is equally important. Cooking vapors, carbon monoxide from heating appliances, off-gassing of formaldehyde and other chemicals from furniture and construction materials, and secondhand tobacco smoke are all potentially dangerous forms of indoor air pollution.   Air Pollution and Your Health Air pollution hovers at unhealthy levels in almost every major U.S. city, interfering with people’s ability to breathe, causing or aggravating many serious health conditions, and placing lives at risk. Many cities worldwide face the same issues, especially in so-called emerging economies such as China and India, where cleaner technologies are not yet in standard usage.   Breathing ozone, particle pollution or other types of air pollution can seriously damage your health. Inhaling ozone can irritate your lungs, resulting in something like a bad sunburn within the lungs, according to the American Lung Association. Breathing particle pollution (soot) can increase your risk of heart attack, stroke and early death, and it may necessitate emergency-room visits for people with asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A great many cancers are traced to chemical air pollutants.   Air pollution is also a problem in developing countries that are not yet fully industrialized. More than half the worlds population still cook their meals with wood, dung, coal or other solid fuels over open fires or on primitive stoves inside their homes, breathing high levels of pollutants such as particulate pollution and carbon monoxide, which results in 1.5 million unnecessary deaths every year. Who Is Most at Risk? The health risks of air pollution are greatest among infants and young children, older adults and people with respiratory diseases such as asthma. People who work or exercise outside also face increased health risks from the effects of air pollution, along with people who live or work near busy highways, factories or power plants. In addition, minorities and people with low incomes are often disproportionately affected by air pollution because of where they live, which places them at higher risk for illnesses related to air pollution. Low-income populations often live near industrial or inner-city zones where factories, utilities, and other industrial sources may create unusually high levels of air pollution.   Air Pollution and the Health of the Planet If air pollution affects humans, it of course also may also have an impact on animals and plant life. Many animal species are threatened by high levels of air pollution, and weather conditions created by air pollution affect both animal and plant life. For example, acid rain caused by the  burning  of fossil fuels has radically changed the nature of forests in the U.S. Northeast, upper  Midwest, and Northwest. And it is now indisputable that air pollution causes shifts in global weather patterns — the  raising  of global temperatures, the melting of polar ice sheets and the coming rise in ocean water levels.   How Can Air Pollution Be Reduced? The evidence is clear that our personal choices and industrial practices can affect the levels of air pollution. Cleaner industrial technologies are shown to lower air pollution levels, and it can be demonstrated that anytime more primitive industrial practices increase, so do levels of dangerous air pollution. Here are some of the obvious ways that humans can, and have reduced air pollution:   Reduction of fossil fuel burning in favor of renewable energy sources. Nations that obtain their electrical power from nuclear, hydroelectric, solar and wind power have lower pollution levels than those that favor the burning of coal or natural gas.  Improved gas mileage in automobiles and the introduction of electric-powered vehicles. California, for example, once plagued with dangerous smog, has greatly improved its air quality through tight controls on automobile emissions standards. Similarly, reduction in the use of other internal combustion engines can reduce air pollution. The shift to battery-operated or electric lawn mowers and lawn equipment, for example, has a demonstrable effect on air quality.  Reduction in agricultural burning — the method of clearing forested areas for agriculture — can reduce the level of smoke and carbon dioxide in the air. This is a particular problem in developing countries.  Reducing wood burning can also reduce levels of smoke in the air. In some communities, wood fireplaces are now outlawed, greatly reducing dangerous levels of smoke in the air. Gas fireplaces are better than wood-burners, and even better are electric fireplaces that burn no fuels at all.  Indoor air quality is improved when tobacco smoking is restricted by ordinance. Citizen pressure to restrict smoking in public places has a real effect on air quality.  Reduction of chemical compounds in paints, adhesives, and solvents has improved the quality of indoor and outdoor air. Always look for low VOC materials for home improvements, and where practical, opt for water-based rather than solvent-based paints and other materials. Look for carpets, fabrics, and furniture that dont off-gas dangerous fumes.   Controlling pollution is possible, but it requires the individual and political will to do so, and these efforts must constantly be balanced with economic realities, as green technologies are often more expensive, especially when they are first introduced. Such choices are in the hands of each individual: for example, do you buy a cheap but dirty automobile or an expensive electric car? Or are jobs for coal miners more important than clean air?  These complex questions are not easily answered by individuals or governments, but they are questions that should be considered and debated with eyes open to the real effects of air pollution.

Equal Opportunities in the Workplace - 1721 Words

I chose to focus my paper on EEO, being that I am an African- American and have experienced some of the negative aspects of it. I will discuss equal opportunities in the workplace, and its affect on human resource management. Equal opportunities are very important in the modern workplace. Providing equal opportunities involves providing the same opportunities to all the employees and prospective employees regardless of their sex, age, disabilities, ethnic origins, sexual orientations etc. Equal opportunities allow the employee to have rights therefore the employer is unable to take advantage, discriminate or manipulate staff. Employers have an element of power over their employees but by having the law on the side of the employees,†¦show more content†¦It is unlawful to require candidates for jobs to meet criteria, which are more difficult for different racial groups or either sex to achieve, unless the criteria are specifically a requirement of the job. It is the establishm ent and maintenance of fair and justifiable selection criteria within the framework of targeting that can form the key focus of an equal treatment policy. The kind of targets would refer to recruitment levels, promotion levels and training to be taken up separately by the appropriate classification. In summary the target is the result of the organizations various policies, that will be expected to be achieved over a period of time. The targets are not quotas and must not lead to unlawful activity. This is not an easy dividing line and care and attention would be required to separate the pre-selection process from the point of selection itself. It is for example, possible to encourage women to take up engineering or science as a career. However, while this extra effort can be directed at women to encourage greater numbers to apply there must be no discrimination at the point of actual selection based on race, creed and sex. Targeting makes business sense if it results in a better use of talent available within the company opens up new sources of external recruitment or simply projects the company as a fair employer. Companies who readily accept targeting in other areas of their business may find difficultyShow MoreRelatedWomen in the Workplace: Work Life Balance and Equal Opportunity to Enhance Women Empowerment2973 Words   |  12 PagesLiterature Review Women in the Workplace: Work Life Balance and Equal Opportunity to Enhance Women Empowerment By Asih Budiati Swiss German University, Batch 19 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY More and more women now perceive employment and career paths are critically important to them and that parenting as an option is currently unattractive since they feel that parenting is incompatible with their career. Working women have the sense if they want to be succeeded; doing dual role both office and familyRead MoreWhen People Think Of Discrimination, They Tend To Think1254 Words   |  6 Pagesunderdeveloped country. Sadly, discrimination actual plays a large role in the workplace of today. Discrimination is defined as â€Å"treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc.† according to the Cambridge Dictionary (Cambridge University Press 1). Discrimination comes in many different forms in the workplace and this report will cover those forms as well as what to do in a situationRead MoreThe View Of Moen Spencer932 Words   |  4 Pages view of Moen Spencer (2006), wellbeing is important as it plays an essential role in creating prosperous societies. Focusing on wellbeing in the workplace can facilitate societies by aiding individuals working in offices to feel satisfied, committed and happy. The evidence reveals that people who are successful in achieving wellbeing in the workplace to a good standard are more productive, loyal and creative. They also tend to make efforts to make the customers more satisfied and retain them. InRead MoreEqual Outcomes vs. Equal Opportunities Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Outcomes vs. Equal Opportunities Description: If you take all the change out of your pocket and look at the tail side of each coin you will find written in Latin the motto of the United States of America; e pluribus Unum. It states : out of many, one. This statement suggests that there are many different cultures that comprise our country, and all these cultures are as one. The United States political system has enacted numerous policies in order to ensure the equality promisedRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity ( Eeo ), Affirmative Action And Diversity Initiatives Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Employment Opportunity (EEO), Affirmative Action and Diversity initiatives are three different concepts. However, they do have an inter-relation between them. Affirmative Action plans are initiated by the federal government. This programme ensures equal opportunities for employment and opportunities for self-development at workplace. It provides opportunities to qualified individuals who have been denied such opportunities in the past on some kind of discrimination. Primarily, it is a quotaRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagesare recognized to be feminine who contributes more at home while men is the person who being more masculine and is the one who goes out and earns money to support the family. Nowadays, women education level is getting higher and they have more opportunities to receive better education an d work in the society while men are not only limited to jobs that requires leadership but also some caring jobs like nurse or social worker. So we can see there is a trend implicates that the gender roles are slowlyRead MoreEqual Employment, Diversity And Discrimination1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe topics for this research paper are Equal Employment, diversity and discrimination because I feel that these topics are strongly needed in any organization. Employees in the workplace can be discriminated against of gender identity, sexual orientation, race, age, disability, ethnicity, nationality, and so on. Companies need to strive to eliminate any of the various barriers above to ensure equal access to employment, services, and benefits, to both the current and future employees. The authorRead MoreAffirmative Action Policies Should Be Implemented891 Words   |  4 Pagescompany forward. Affirmative action can be a useful tool to help create diversity in the workplace. Implementing af firmative action policies will encourage growth in the company because we will be able to effectively select and hire people, not on the basis of race but on actual qualifications that make a person suitable for a position in the company. Affirmative action policies will also benefit the overall workplace because people will be able to interact with people from other backgrounds, creatingRead More Sexism in the Workplace Essay505 Words   |  3 PagesSexism in the Workplace The workplace is the area in which sexism is most commonly found. Sexism is in evidence in unfair recruitment practices, unequal pay, and intimidating behavior towards colleagues. Legislation is now in place in many countries that prohibits unfair treatment of staff on the grounds of their sex. The problem with this legislation is that they are often difficult to apply. In 1970, the Equal Pay Act was introduced. It requiresRead MoreEqual Rights of American Muslims in Various Sectors1782 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Equal Rights of American Muslims: After over half a decade since the 9/11 terror attacks on American soil, the consequences of the devastating incident have continued to spread out on Muslims in the United States who have been subjected to harsh experiences because of association. These people have not only been held accountable for their actions but also for the actions of people with false banners in their name since the attacks. Before the 9/11 attacks, Muslims in America were mainly involved

Disadvantages of tourism free essay sample

According to Collier (1997) tourism involves three aspects, it involves people(tourists) away from their usual habitat, the activities of people away from their usual habitat will normally give rise to an industry and the activities of both the people and the industry may or will have impact on the host community. 2. 0 DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM 2. 1 THREATHEN INDIGENOUS IDENTITY Tourism gives positive impacts to a country but the impacts arise when tourism brings about changes in value systems and behaviour, thereby threatens indigenous identity. Furthermore, changes often occur in community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality. 2. 2 CHANGE THE CULTURE The relationship between tourism and culture is an extremely tense one, both in theory and practice. Modern tourism has been the target of cultural criticism right from the start (Keller, 1984). Large numbers of tourists are as unwelcome as hordes of migrants, since they upset the normal cultural equilibrium of a society or territorial entity. 2. 3 INFLUENCE THE LOCAL IDENTITY AND VALUES Tourism can cause change or loss of local identity and values, brought about by several closely related influences. It can turn local cultures into commodities when religious rituals, traditional ethnic rites and festivals are reduced and sanitized to conform to tourist expectations, resulting in what has been called reconstructed ethnicity. Once a destination is sold as a tourism product, and the tourism demand for souvenirs, arts, entertainment and other commodities begins to exert influence, basic changes in human values may occur. Sacred sites and objects may not be respected when they are perceived as goods to trade. Destinations risk standardization in the process of satisfying tourists desires for familiar facilities. While landscape, accommodation, food and drinks, etc. , must meet the tourists desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must at the same time not be too new or strange because few tourists are actually looking for completely new things. Tourists often look for recognizable facilities in an unfamiliar environment, like well-known fast-food restaurants and hotel chains. Adapting cultural expressions and manifestations to the tastes of tourists or even performing shows as if they were real life constitutes staged authenticity. As long as tourists just want a glimpse of the local atmosphere, a quick glance at local life, without any knowledge or even interest, staging will be inevitable. 2. 4 BAD INFLUNCE OF LIFESTYLES Many tourists come from societies with different consumption patterns and lifestyles than what is current at the destination, seeking pleasure, spending large amounts of money and sometimes behaving in ways that even they would not accept at home. One effect is that local people that come in contact with these tourists may develop a sort of copying behaviour, as they want to live and behave in the same way. Tourists often, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail to respect local customs and moral values. When they do, they can bring about irritation and stereotyping. They take a quick snapshot and are gone, and by so acting invade the local peoples lives. 2. 5 SOCIAL STRESS The physical influences that the increasing tourism flow, and its consequent developments, has on a destination can cause severe social stress as it impacts the local community. Resource use conflicts, such as competition between tourism and local populations for the use of prime resources like water and energy because of scarce supply. Stress to local communities can also result from environmental degradation and increased infrastructure costs for the local community for example, higher taxes to pay for improvements to the water supply or sanitation facilities. 2. 6 TRADITIONAL LAND-USES CONFLICTS Tourism can cause conflicts with traditional land-uses, especially in intensely exploited areas such as coastal zones, which are popular for their beaches and islands. Conflicts arise when the choice has to be made between development of the land for tourist facilities or infrastructure and local traditional land-use. The local people can suffer from tourism development, in coastal areas construction of shoreline hotels and tourist faculties often cuts off access for the locals to traditional fishing ground and even recreational use of the areas. 2. 7 ETHICAL AND CRIMINAL ISSUES Partly due to the above impacts, tourism can create more serious situations where ethical and even criminal issues are involved. Crime rates typically increase with the growth and urbanization of an area and growth of mass tourism is often accompanied by increased crime. The presence of a large number of tourists with a lot of money to spend and often carrying valuables such as cameras and jewelry, increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug dealing. Repression of these phenomena often exacerbates social tension. Tourism can also drive the development of gambling, which may cause negative changes in social behavior. 2. 8 SEXUAL EXPLOITATION The commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women has paralleled the growth of tourism in many parts of the world. Though tourism is not the cause of sexual exploitation, it provides easy access to it. Tourism also brings consumerism to many parts of the world previously denied access to luxury commodities and services. The lure of this easy money has caused many young people, including children, to trade their bodies in exchange for T-shirts, personal stereos, bikes and even air tickets out of the country. In other situations children are trafficked into the brothels on the margins of the tourist areas and sold into sex slavery, very rarely earning enough money to escape. 3. 0 CONCLUSION When planning tourism and attracting visitors to a region, it is essential that the negative socio-cultural impacts tourism are identified and that strategies are implemented to help to reduce such negative impacts.

The Scarlet Letter Essay Research Paper If free essay sample

The Scarlet Letter Essay, Research Paper If one is to read Nathaniel Hawthorne s novel The Scarlet Letter, they will forever retrieve the singular narrative of a adult female who succeeds against all odds. It inordinately describes the life and times of early Puritan settlers in America and the wickedness of criminal conversation. The inquiry of morality and its positive and negative effects is at the really nucleus of this narrative. Is one dark of wickedness worth a life-time of adversities? I. Drumhead Hester Prynne, a member of a one time flush and comfortable household, was arranged to get married a doctor by the name of Roger Chillingworth. Although non out of love, they are married and unrecorded successful lives in Amsterdam. When they finally decide to settle in America, Hester is set on in front of Roger so that he may complete his concern in Amsterdam. Hester does non hear from her hubby for two old ages, and many people conceive of his being lost at sea. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter Essay Research Paper If or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hester so falls in love with another adult male and they have a kid together. She is found guilty of perpetrating criminal conversation and is sentenced to stand keeping her kid before Boston on a scaffold for three hours. She is interrogated as to who her fellow evildoer is, but she remains strong. Many adult females of the town believe that Hester s punishment is non rough plenty and hence, she is marked with the missive A upon her thorax. She is returned to her prison cell and a physician is summoned to assist quiet her. The physician turns out to be her lost hubby, Chillingworth, and he makes Hester promise to neer uncover that he is her hubby. She does so in return for the secretiveness of the name of the adult male who is the male parent of her girl, Pearl. Finally, Hester settles down with Pearl in a little bungalow and leads a fundamentally normal life as a dressmaker. Pearl turns out to be a really curious kid with a disobedient attitude towards life. She is imp-like in vis ual aspect and many people believe that she could be a bad influence on their comfy Puritan town. With hearing talk that Pearl may be taken off from her, she goes to the Governor Bellingham s office in order to speak him into allowing her maintain the kid. Bellingham is displeased with Pearl s attitude of the church and Puritanism, and hence decides to take her off. Merely before he does, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale stairss in and negotiations Bellingham out of it. Chillingworth witnesses all of this and is surprised to see how strongly Dimmesdale defends Hester and Pearl. Late one dark, after fighting with his guilt, Dimmesdale goes to the centre of the town and stands upon the scaffold, squealing his guilt. Purportedly, no 1 witnesses this as Hester and Pearl join him. Abruptly, Pearl points into the shadows where they could do out the image of Roger Chillingworth. Yet another dark, while Dimmesdale is kiping, Chillingworth notices a unusual grade on the Reverend s thorax. All of t hese incidents, along with Dimmesdale s neglecting wellness, ( which Chillingworth deems to be a consequence of terrible guilt ) provide him with more than adequate information to do a leap to who is Pearl s biological male parent. While Chillingworth continues to take joy in watching Dimmesdale s physical devolution, Hester feels she must assist him and hence asks Chillingworth to let her to uncover him as her hubby. One twenty-four hours, Hester stops Dimmesdale in the forests and announces that Chillingworth is her hubby. She tells him to travel to Boston and get down a new life. Dimmesdale says that he shall, but non entirely. So Hester tells him, Thou shalt non travel entirely! They become aroused about get downing a new life together, and Hester throws her red missive amidst the trees and calls for Pearl. Pearl refuses to come to her female parent because she is non have oning the vermilion A, which confuses Pearl. To pacify Pearl, Hester once more attaches the missive to her thorax. At Election Day, ( when the new governor is inaugurated ) Dimmesdale gives a superb address but seems really weak. Returning from the church, he collapses, so regains his balance and continues frontward. He makes it to the scaffold, and with the aid of Hester, he climbs it to confront the town. He cries out that he is the true male parent of Pearl. He tears his shirt unfastened to uncover a vermilion missive A blazed upon his thorax. His confession is what finally sets his psyche free and conquers the evil Chillingworth. After the go throughing off of Dimmesdale, Chillingworth has nil to keep his hungering for retaliation, and thereby dies shortly after. His money and ownerships are left to Pearl, who has now become a lady, unlike her former diabolic ego. She and her female parent travel on to take comfy Li degree Fahrenheits in England and so in Boston after they return in a figure of old ages. Hester and Pearl become outstanding Boston townspeople, and live their last old ages in peace. II. Correspondence to U.S. History The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne does an first-class occupation of explicating the early Puritan settlements of America and the settler s life styles. It describes their rigorous faith and intolerance for those who did non stay by it. The chief country of description is the Puritan position on criminal conversation. The Puritans were an highly spiritual people with even their name connoting that they were pure. The Bible was their usher for life, as they were frequently called people of the book. Both the political and the spiritual facets of Puritan society were ruled by morality. The Puritan universe position was a society with high moral criterions such as honestness, soberness, duty, and difficult work. To acquire to heaven, the Puritans felt one must understand God. One should take to populate a life the manner God intended you to. Adultery was considered one of the worst possible offenses that one could perpetrate, under the 7th comma ndment. The Puritans frequently imprisoned, whipped, or executed those who went against the word of the Bible. Some people, such as Anne Hutchinson and Thomas Hooker were banished from their places everlastingly. The Scarlet Letter explicitly discusses the Puritan s belief in the 7th amendment and criminal conversation. As most would reason, the vermilion missive A stands for criminal conversation. Through prominence and repeat, both the missive and Pearl come to typify her wickedness of criminal conversation. As the book illustrates, Hester is imprisoned for her offense of criminal conversation, forced to stand in forepart of the town and take their ridicule, and required to have on a vermilion missive A upon her thorax. The full book revolves around her and Dimmesdale s wickedness. This was a wickedness non taken lightly in early America. From the beginning of the book, Hester is brought to the scaffold to stand and bear ridicule for three hours. The adult females of the town do n on believe this to be a rough plenty punishment and therefore, she is branded with the missive A marked on her thorax. Some townspeople even believed that executing would be the right solution, but the justice looked upon her good behaviour old to the incident and lightened the sentence. This all goes to demo how serious of a offense this was looked at in the beginning of America. The alteration in beliefs of offenses such as criminal conversation from Early America to the present is amazing. In the 20th century, criminal conversation may be frowned upon, but it is an mundane happening and the idea of executing has ceased to come in anyone s head. Possibly some of the Puritan s Torahs were excessively rigorous, but partners should set away more attempt in maintaining their matrimonies successful. It s a lifetime committedness and it should be honored. Americans have lost their finding to hold successful matrimonies. This rapid impairment seems really damaging to America s hereafter and the households within it. III. Reaction The Scarlet Letter is an astonishing novel. In no other book have I seen as far into the heads of the lead characters. Hawthorne s usage of symbols and romanticism are exceeding. Anyone interested in early colonisation of America and the settler s relationship with their church should read this book. I was drawn in from the beginning with the description of the prison and Hester herself. I was brought through the remainder of the book with graphic descriptions of the characters and their environments. Although some chapters dragged on, ( the 1s with perfectly no duologue ) many of them moved along rapidly and were really dramatic. Although I must hold missed many of Hawthorne s symbols and their significances, the 1s I did catch were outstanding. Although some were really obvious, such as Hester s vermilion A, many were easy to lose, such as the Sun typifying guilt-free satisfaction. The overall secret plan makes this fresh such a chef-doe uvre. A adult female is lonely, and with her hubby losing she has one dark of iniquitous passion for which she pays for for the remainder of her life. Her hubby comes back and finally putting to deaths of her lover through guilt and anguish. He so dies because he no longer has anyone to take his retaliation on. I believe this to be a phenomenal apparatus for a narrative. Reasoning this analysis, The Scarlet Letter is a brilliant book and history categories around the state should utilize it as a acquisition assistance. It is a authoritative narrative of a adult female prevailing over her mistake in life and wining when it wasn t idea possible. Once you are trapped in this novel, it is highly hard to go untangled.

Inventor Henry Blair and His Patents

Inventor Henry Blair and His Patents Henry Blair was the only inventor to be identified in the Patent Office records as a colored man. Blair was born in Montgomery County, Maryland around 1807. He received a patent on October 14, 1834, for a seed planter and a patent in 1836 for a cotton planter. Henry Blair was the second black inventor to receive a patent the first was Thomas Jennings who received a patent in 1821 for a dry cleaning process. Henry Blair signed his patents with an x because he could not write. Henry Blair died in 1860. The Research of Henry Baker What we know about early black inventors comes mostly from the work of Henry Baker. He was an assistant patent examiner at the U.S. Patent Office who was dedicated to uncovering and publicizing the contributions of Black inventors. Around 1900, the Patent Office conducted a survey to gather information about black inventors and their inventions. Letters were sent to patent attorneys, company presidents, newspaper editors, and prominent African Americans. Henry Baker recorded the replies and followed-up on leads. Baker’s research also provided the information used to select Black inventions exhibited at the Cotton Centennial in New Orleans, the World’s Fair in Chicago, and the Southern Exposition in Atlanta. By the time of his death, Henry Baker had compiled four massive volumes.

Evaluation of the evidence for and against stem cell plasticity Article

Evaluation of the evidence for and against stem cell plasticity - Article Example This can be translated to mean that the highly regenerative tissues have stem cells while those that are poor regenerators lack stem cells (Frank, Schatton & Frank 2010, p. 41). However, cells that have been believed to be non-regenerators such as the heart and the brain have lately shown signs of regeneration. This has opened the doors for researches in stem cell population and their regenerative potential. Studies of tissue injury repair have discovered that there is a strong support for important stem cell functions in the hematopoietic system, dermal epithelium, intestinal epithelium, and skeletal muscle. This is a clear indication that stem cell plasticity can be of high importance in repairing of damaged cells in these tissues (Langer, Vacanti &Lanza 2014, p. 231). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) exist predominantly in the bone marrow of human beings. They have always been known to serve the purpose of generation all lineages of mature blood cell types that are needed for the maintenance of proper hematopoietic function (Cetrulo, Cetrulo&Cetrulo 2009, p. 234). However, a series of studies have challenged this assertion. These studies suggest that if bone marrow cells are enriched by hematopoietic stem cell activity, they could appear to be of contribution to the lower levels of multiple nonhematopoietic tissues because of injured or irradiated recipients (Bhattacharya & Stubblefield 2014, p. 199). These studies reveal that these activities can result to nonhematopoietic cells within the skin, intestinal epithelium, lung epithelium, kidney epithelium, pancreas, liver parenchyma, skeletal muscle, and myocardium. Some of the support for the stem cell plasticity comes from opposes of abortion. The main reason as to why this group of people is in support of stem cell plasticity is the fact that a majority of stem cell researchers always use embryos that were created in virto fertility treatment. These are the embryos that were produced but were never used. Most

HES Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HES - Coursework Example Drilling fluids are used in offshore oil and gas exploration for a number of reasons, including lubricating the drill bit, cleaning and conditioning the hole, maintaining the pressure of the borehole, as well as washing out rock cuttings out of the borehole to the surface. The drilling fluids is not normally used in its original state, instead, the fluids are mixed with some chemicals in order to maintain their properties. However, there has been an increased concern of the impacts of the drilling fluids and solid cuttings on the environment. GESAMP (1993:18) reported that these solid cuttings and drilling fluids contain hazardous chemical mixture that pose a danger to the environment, particularly to the marine life. As such, there is increased need for solid and gas drilling companies to ensure proper disposal of solid cuttings and drilling fluids as a means of conserving the environment. The main environmental issue linked to the drilling fluids concerns its negative impact on the performance and the continuous accumulation of solid cuttings (AUMS 1989:1). The aim of this paper is to examine some of the environmental issues related to drilling fluid management in light of the various types of drilling fluids. The paper will also explore the negative environmental impacts of improper disposal of drilling waste. Finally, the paper will conclude by discussing measures that oil companies need to take to mitigate the environmental impacts of the drilling fluids. The exploration of offshore oil and gas has intensified in the recent past. This is attributable to the increased need for energy independent. Even though the use of fossil fuel energy has been blamed for the increased production of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, its exploration is not about to end anytime soon. The world will still experience increased exploration of oil and gas (Reis 1996:6). However, the rate at which offshore exploration has increased in the recent past has caused many co ncerns, especially to environmentalists (Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association Ltd 1998:51). This is attributable to the magnitude of pollutants generated by the drilling activities. Normally, when exploring offshore oil and gas, engineers normally use the drilling fluid (mud) to lubricate the drill bit, wash out the solid cuttings, condition the hole, as well as to maintain the pressure of the borehole. This is very important for effective exploration of offshore oil and gas, according to Armsworthy, ? Cranford, ?and Lee (2005:8). The drilling fluids used in the exploration of offshore oil and gas are normally not pure. They often contain additives and chemicals meant to enhance the operational property of the final mixture (Cordah Environmental Management Consultants 2000:5). The operational properties enhance using chemicals and additives include density, reactivity, viscosity, ion-exchange parameters, salinity, and fluid loss. Obtaining the right property of the fluid is important for ensuring effective drilling operation. The main types of drilling fluids in use include water-based fluids and non-aqueous fluids. Water-based fluid is a drilling fluid which comprising of a mixture of water,